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Laboratory B in Sungul’ was one of the laboratories under the 9th Chief Directorate of the NKVD (MVD after 1946) that contributed to the Soviet atomic bomb project. It was created in 1946 and closed in 1955, when some of its personnel were merged with the second Soviet nuclear design and assembly facility. It was run as a sharashka – a secret scientific facility run as a prison. Laboratory B employed German scientists from 1947 to 1953. It had two scientific divisions, radiochemistry and radiobiophysics; the latter was headed by the world-renowned geneticist N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij. For two years, the renowned German chemist, Nikolaus Riehl was the scientific director. ==Background== Colonel General A. P. Zavenyagin, as head of the 9th Chief Directorate of the NKVD (MVD after 1946), was deputy to NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria. From early in 1945, Zavenyagin was responsible for the acquisition of German scientists, equipment, materiel, and intellectual property, under the Russian Alsos, to help Russia with the Soviet atomic bomb project. His authority and responsibilities only increased after the USSR State Defense Committee (GKO, Gosudarstvennyj Komitet Oborony), on 20 August 1945, issued Decree No. 9877, thereby creating and investing the Special Committee with special and extraordinary powers for solving problems related to the atomic bomb project. Members of the Special Committee were:〔See Knight, 1993, 135-137 and Kruglov, 2002, 31-32.〕 *Lavrentiy Beria, Chairman of the Special Committee *Mikhail Pervukhin, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, Sovet Narodnykh Komissarov) after 1946, the Council of Ministers (Sovmin, Sovet Ministrov) *Nikolai Voznesensky, Chairman of the State Committee for Planning (Gosplan, Gosudarstvennyj Komitet po Planirovaniyu) *Georgy Malenkov, Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union *B. L. Makhnev, Secretary of the Special Committee *Pyotr Kapitsa, Director of the Institute for Physical Problems of the Academy of Sciences. Kapitsa requested to be taken off of the Special Committee due to disagreements with Beria. Kapitsa’s first request was denied, but the second was approved. *Avraami Zavenyagin, head of the 9th Chief Directorate of the NKVD (a deputy of the People’s Commissar for Internal Affairs) *Igor Kurchatov, head of Laboratory No. 2 and the scientific supervisor for the Soviet atomic bomb project. Zavenyagin, as head of the 9th Chief Directorate, then had responsibilities for establishing, building, managing, and providing security for the facilities in the atomic bomb project. Zavenyagin’s purview also included the resources of the Gulag; some of the facilities to which the German scientists were assigned were run as a sharashka. German scientists were available for recruitment from the Soviet occupation zone in Germany. Also, immediately after World War II and extending into 1949, the Russians also had a large pool of German PoW scientists and highly skilled specialists from which to recruit; the main camp was at Krasnogorsk.〔 Knight, 1993, 135-137.〕〔 Kruglov, 2002, 31-32.〕〔 Vazhnov, M. Ya. ''(A. P. Zavenyagin: Pages from His Life ) (chapters from the book)'' (Russian ).〕〔 Oleynikov, 2000, 11.〕〔 Naimark, 1995, 205-250.〕〔 Albrecht, Heinemann-Grüder, Wellmann, 2001, 48-82.〕 Facilities to which the German scientists were assigned were under the under authority of the 9th Chief Directorate and included the following (with annotations of prominent Germans at the facilities):〔 Maddrell, 179-180.〕〔 Albrecht, Heinemann-Grüder, and Wellmann, 2001, 48-82.〕〔 Oleynikov, 2000.〕〔 Vazhnov, M. Ya. ''(A. P. Zavenyagin: Pages from His Life ) (chapters from the book)''. (Russian )〕 * Laboratory 2 (later known as the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy and today as the Russian Scientific Center “Kurchatov Institute”) in Moscow. – Josef Schintlmeister.〔 An Austrian who was a German citizen by virtue of the Anschluss, the 1938 German annexation of Austria.〕 *Scientific Research Institute No. 9 (NII-9; today the Bochvar All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Inorganic Materials, Bochvar VNIINM) in Moscow – Max Volmer and Robert Döpel. * Elektrostal' Plant No. 12 – A. Baroni (PoW), Hans-Joachim Born (PoW), Alexander Catsch (PoW), Werner Kirst, H. E. Ortmann, Przybilla, Nikolaus Riehl, Herbert Schmitz (PoW), Herbert Thieme, Tobein, Günter Wirths, and Karl Zimmer (PoW). *Institutes A (in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi) and G (in Agudzery) created for Manfred von Ardenne and Gustav Hertz, respectively. Institutes A and G were later used as the basis for the Sukhumi Physico-Technical Institute (SFTI); today it is the State Scientific Production Association “SFTI”. Institute A – Ingrid Schilling, Fritz Schimohr, Fritz Schmidt, Gerhard Siewert, Max Steenbeck (PoW), Peter Adolf Thiessen, and Karl-Franz Zühlke. Institute G – Heinz Barwich, Werner Hartmann, and Justus Mühlenpfordt. *Laboratory V was created for Heinz Pose in Obninsk, and it was run as a sharashka.〔 Polunin, V. V. and V. A. Staroverov ''Personnel of Special Services in the Soviet Atomic Project 1945 – 1953'' (Russian ) ((FSB, 2004) )〕 Laboratory V was later renamed the Physics and Power Engineering Institute (FEhI); today it is the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation “FEhI”. – Werner Czulius, Walter Hermann, Hans Jürgen von Oertzen, Ernst Rexer, Karl-Heinrich Riewe, and Carl Friedrich Weiss. *Laboratory B in Sungul’ was established by a decree of the Council of Ministers in 1946, and it was run as a Sharashka. In 1955, it was assimilated into a new, second nuclear weapons institute, Scientific Research Institute-1011 (NII-1011), today known as the Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics (RFYaTs–VNIITF). – Hans-Joachim Born (PoW), Alexander Catsch (PoW), Willi Lange, Nikolaus Riehl, and Karl Zimmer (PoW). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Laboratory B in Sungul’」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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